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Publication
Transitioning from INDCs to NDCs in Africa
Published by: AfDB
About
In December 2014, Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) meeting in Lima Peru, decided that national contributions to the mitigation challenge and national adaptation actions should be aggregated into Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). As a result, 189 countries laid out their approach to tackle mitigation and adaptation by formally presenting their INDCs to the UNFCCC. On 4 November 2016, the Paris Agreement entered into force ahead of the 22nd Conference to the Parties calling for INDCs to be transitioned to Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), which will form the foundation of the post-Kyoto multilateral climate regime. Based on literature review and interviews with African stakeholders from the government, civil society and private sector, this study examines national developments and processes related to Paris Agreement ratification in six focus countries—Cameroon, Ethiopia, South Africa, The Gambia, Tunisia and Uganda. More specifically, the study provides a summary overview of the (I)NDCs of all African countries participating in the CIF and examines whether and how African parties are making changes to their INDCs in the process of ratifying the Paris Agreement. Further analysis reveals whether and how countries are planning dedicated policies and measures to implement and achieve INDC mitigation components.
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General Information
| SDGs |  |
|---|---|
| Published | 2015 |
| Thematic Area | Sustainability |
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Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
There is no country in the world that is not seeing first-hand the drastic effects of climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, and are now more than 50 percent higher than their 1990 level. Further, global warming is causing long-lasting changes to our climate system, which threatens irreversible consequences if we do not take action now.
The annual average losses from just earthquakes, tsunamis, tropical cyclones and flooding count in the hundreds of billions of dollars, requiring an investment of US$ 6 billion annually in disaster risk management alone. The goal aims to mobilize $100 billion annually by 2020 to address the needs of developing countries and help mitigate climate-related disasters.
Strengthening the resilience and adaptive capacity of more vulnerable regions, such as land locked countries and island states, must go hand in hand with efforts to raise awareness and integrate measures into national policies and strategies. It is still possible, with the political will and a wide array of technological measures, to limit the increase in global mean temperature to two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. This requires urgent collective action.
Addressing climate change is one of 17 Global Goals that make up the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. An integrated approach is crucial for progress across the multiple goals.
Learn more about the targets for Goal 13.
Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
There is no country in the world that is not seeing first-hand the drastic effects of climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, and are now more than 50 percent higher than their 1990 level. Further, global warming is causing long-lasting changes to our climate system, which threatens irreversible consequences if we do not take action now.
The annual average losses from just earthquakes, tsunamis, tropical cyclones and flooding count in the hundreds of billions of dollars, requiring an investment of US$ 6 billion annually in disaster risk management alone. The goal aims to mobilize $100 billion annually by 2020 to address the needs of developing countries and help mitigate climate-related disasters.
Strengthening the resilience and adaptive capacity of more vulnerable regions, such as land locked countries and island states, must go hand in hand with efforts to raise awareness and integrate measures into national policies and strategies. It is still possible, with the political will and a wide array of technological measures, to limit the increase in global mean temperature to two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. This requires urgent collective action.
Addressing climate change is one of 17 Global Goals that make up the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. An integrated approach is crucial for progress across the multiple goals.
Learn more about the targets for Goal 13.
The SDG Fund response
The SDG Fund joint programmes take into account climate change adaptation considerations along the project cycle. As an example, a key element to mainstreaming climate change is the use of a climate lens.
The following criteria are essential elements observed:
- The extent to which the policy, plan, or project under could be vulnerable to risks arising from climate variability and change
- The extent to which climate change risks have already been taken into consideration
- The extent to which the policy, plan, or project could inadvertently lead to increased vulnerability and maladaptation or miss important opportunities arising from climate change
For example,
- In Cuba, the SDG Fund is strengthening resilience and improving access to water in tackling the impacts of recent droughts, noted as the worst in recent history, affecting more than one million people.
- In Fiji, a SDG Fund programme is building the capacity of young farmers in organic agriculture for climate resilience. Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people.
- In Mozambique, the SDG Fund is providing training opportunities on green construction using traditional techniques and materials. The objective is to create residences that are less expensive while also preserving the environment.
The SDG Fund response
The SDG Fund joint programmes take into account climate change adaptation considerations along the project cycle. As an example, a key element to mainstreaming climate change is the use of a climate lens.
The following criteria are essential elements observed:
- The extent to which the policy, plan, or project under could be vulnerable to risks arising from climate variability and change
- The extent to which climate change risks have already been taken into consideration
- The extent to which the policy, plan, or project could inadvertently lead to increased vulnerability and maladaptation or miss important opportunities arising from climate change
For example,
- In Cuba, the SDG Fund is strengthening resilience and improving access to water in tackling the impacts of recent droughts, noted as the worst in recent history, affecting more than one million people.
- In Fiji, a SDG Fund programme is building the capacity of young farmers in organic agriculture for climate resilience. Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people.
- In Mozambique, the SDG Fund is providing training opportunities on green construction using traditional techniques and materials. The objective is to create residences that are less expensive while also preserving the environment.
- Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries
- Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning
- Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning
- Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible
- Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities
* Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.
[format] => full_html [safe_value] =>- Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries
- Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning
- Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning
- Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible
- Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities
* Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.
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The SDG Fund definition involves:
- Inclusion and participation in programme initiatives within the vision of a Human Rights-based approach
- Economic use of resources in programme implementation
- Sustainability of programme achievements after termination of activities
- Mainstreaming environment and climate change in development programmes
For our programmes integrating sustainability requires an analysis of the governance architecture and the different stages of the programme cycle. At the national level, this could include the formulation of national policies, long term and multi-year development plans, sectoral budgetary allocation processes, and regulatory processes. At the level of projects on the ground, climate change adaptation considerations might need to be factored within specific elements of the project cycle.
As an example, a key element to mainstreaming climate change is the use of a climate lens. The following criteria are essential elements to be observed:
- The extent to which the policy, plan, or project under consideration could be vulnerable to risks arising from climate variability and change
- The extent to which climate change risks have already been taken into consideration
- The extent to which the policy, plan, or project could inadvertently lead to increased vulnerability and maladaptation or miss important opportunities arising from climate change
The following publications offer useful guidance for introducing environmental sustainability and climate change sensitivity into development programmes:
- Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co-operation: Policy Guidance (OECD, 2009)
- Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation into Development Planning: A Guide for Practitioners (UNDP-UNEP Poverty-Environment Initiative, 2011)
See also this list of references from the UNFCCC on how to mainstream climate change into development programming.
[summary] => [format] => full_html [safe_value] =>The concept of long term sustainability of development programmes is constantly evolving.
The SDG Fund definition involves:
- Inclusion and participation in programme initiatives within the vision of a Human Rights-based approach
- Economic use of resources in programme implementation
- Sustainability of programme achievements after termination of activities
- Mainstreaming environment and climate change in development programmes
For our programmes integrating sustainability requires an analysis of the governance architecture and the different stages of the programme cycle. At the national level, this could include the formulation of national policies, long term and multi-year development plans, sectoral budgetary allocation processes, and regulatory processes. At the level of projects on the ground, climate change adaptation considerations might need to be factored within specific elements of the project cycle.
As an example, a key element to mainstreaming climate change is the use of a climate lens. The following criteria are essential elements to be observed:
- The extent to which the policy, plan, or project under consideration could be vulnerable to risks arising from climate variability and change
- The extent to which climate change risks have already been taken into consideration
- The extent to which the policy, plan, or project could inadvertently lead to increased vulnerability and maladaptation or miss important opportunities arising from climate change
The following publications offer useful guidance for introducing environmental sustainability and climate change sensitivity into development programmes:
- Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co-operation: Policy Guidance (OECD, 2009)
- Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation into Development Planning: A Guide for Practitioners (UNDP-UNEP Poverty-Environment Initiative, 2011)
See also this list of references from the UNFCCC on how to mainstream climate change into development programming.
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( [label] => Country [admin] => Array ( [path] => admin/config/regional/countries [access arguments] => Array ( [0] => administer site configuration ) ) [rdf_mapping] => Array ( ) ) ) [view modes] => Array ( [full] => Array ( [label] => Country [custom settings] => ) [token] => Array ( [label] => Tokens [custom settings] => ) ) [static cache] => 1 [field cache] => 1 [load hook] => country_load [translation] => Array ( ) [base table field types] => Array ( [cid] => serial [iso2] => char [iso3] => char [name] => varchar [official_name] => varchar [numcode] => int [continent] => char [enabled] => int [language] => varchar ) [schema_fields_sql] => Array ( [base table] => Array ( [0] => cid [1] => iso2 [2] => iso3 [3] => name [4] => official_name [5] => numcode [6] => continent [7] => enabled [8] => language ) ) [label callback] => countries_i18n_country_entity_label [token type] => country [configuration] => ) [idKey:protected] => cid [nameKey:protected] => iso2 [statusKey:protected] => status [defaultLabel:protected] => [wrapper:protected] => [cid] => 233 [iso2] => UG [iso3] => UGA [name] => Uganda [official_name] => Republic of Uganda [numcode] => 800 [continent] => AF [enabled] => 1 [language] => und [rdf_mapping] => Array ( ) ) [safe_value] => Uganda [safe] => Uganda ) ) ) [field_body] => Array ( [und] => Array ( [0] => Array ( [value] => In December 2014, Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) meeting in Lima Peru, decided that national contributions to the mitigation challenge and national adaptation actions should be aggregated into Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). As a result, 189 countries laid out their approach to tackle mitigation and adaptation by formally presenting their INDCs to the UNFCCC. On 4 November 2016, the Paris Agreement entered into force ahead of the 22nd Conference to the Parties calling for INDCs to be transitioned to Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), which will form the foundation of the post-Kyoto multilateral climate regime. Based on literature review and interviews with African stakeholders from the government, civil society and private sector, this study examines national developments and processes related to Paris Agreement ratification in six focus countries—Cameroon, Ethiopia, South Africa, The Gambia, Tunisia and Uganda. More specifically, the study provides a summary overview of the (I)NDCs of all African countries participating in the CIF and examines whether and how African parties are making changes to their INDCs in the process of ratifying the Paris Agreement. Further analysis reveals whether and how countries are planning dedicated policies and measures to implement and achieve INDC mitigation components. [format] => [safe_value] => In December 2014, Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) meeting in Lima Peru, decided that national contributions to the mitigation challenge and national adaptation actions should be aggregated into Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). As a result, 189 countries laid out their approach to tackle mitigation and adaptation by formally presenting their INDCs to the UNFCCC. On 4 November 2016, the Paris Agreement entered into force ahead of the 22nd Conference to the Parties calling for INDCs to be transitioned to Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), which will form the foundation of the post-Kyoto multilateral climate regime. Based on literature review and interviews with African stakeholders from the government, civil society and private sector, this study examines national developments and processes related to Paris Agreement ratification in six focus countries—Cameroon, Ethiopia, South Africa, The Gambia, Tunisia and Uganda. More specifically, the study provides a summary overview of the (I)NDCs of all African countries participating in the CIF and examines whether and how African parties are making changes to their INDCs in the process of ratifying the Paris Agreement. Further analysis reveals whether and how countries are planning dedicated policies and measures to implement and achieve INDC mitigation components. ) ) ) [field_year] => Array ( [und] => Array ( [0] => Array ( [value] => 2015-01-01 00:00:00 [timezone] => America/New_York [timezone_db] => America/New_York [date_type] => datetime ) ) ) [field_publication_keywords] => Array ( ) [field_publisher] => Array ( [und] => Array ( [0] => Array ( [value] => AfDB [format] => [safe_value] => AfDB ) ) ) [field_region] => Array ( [und] => Array ( [0] => Array ( [target_id] => 262 [entity] => stdClass Object ( [vid] => 1022 [uid] => 1 [title] => Africa [log] => [status] => 1 [comment] => 1 [promote] => 0 [sticky] => 0 [nid] => 262 [type] => region [language] => en [created] => 1450896564 [changed] => 1450896564 [tnid] => 262 [translate] => 0 [revision_timestamp] => 1450896564 [revision_uid] => 1 [rdf_mapping] => Array ( [rdftype] => Array ( [0] => sioc:Item [1] => foaf:Document ) [title] => Array ( [predicates] => Array ( [0] => dc:title ) ) [created] => Array ( [predicates] => Array ( [0] => dc:date [1] => dc:created ) [datatype] => xsd:dateTime [callback] => date_iso8601 ) [changed] => Array ( [predicates] => Array ( [0] => dc:modified ) [datatype] => xsd:dateTime [callback] => date_iso8601 ) [body] => Array ( [predicates] => Array ( [0] => content:encoded ) ) [uid] => Array ( [predicates] => Array ( [0] => sioc:has_creator ) [type] => rel ) [name] => Array ( [predicates] => Array ( [0] => foaf:name ) ) [comment_count] => Array ( [predicates] => Array ( [0] => sioc:num_replies ) [datatype] => xsd:integer ) [last_activity] => Array ( [predicates] => Array ( [0] => sioc:last_activity_date ) [datatype] => xsd:dateTime [callback] => date_iso8601 ) ) [name] => sysadmin [picture] => 0 [data] => a:2:{s:7:"contact";i:0;s:7:"overlay";i:1;} ) [access] => 1 ) ) ) [field_thumb] => Array ( [und] => Array ( [0] => Array ( [fid] => 1683 [uid] => 1 [filename] => AfDB-CIF-Transitioning_fromINDCs_to_NDC-report-November2016-1.jpg [uri] => public://AfDB-CIF-Transitioning_fromINDCs_to_NDC-report-November2016-1.jpg [filemime] => image/jpeg [filesize] => 202805 [status] => 1 [timestamp] => 1486111773 [type] => image [field_file_image_alt_text] => Array ( ) [field_file_image_title_text] => Array ( ) [rdf_mapping] => Array ( ) [metadata] => Array ( [height] => 841 [width] => 595 ) [alt] => [title] => [height] => 841 [width] => 595 ) ) ) [field_featured] => Array ( ) [field_file_fr] => Array ( ) [field_file_ar] => Array ( ) [field_file_pt] => Array ( ) [field_file_es] => Array ( ) [field_external_link] => Array ( [und] => Array ( [0] => Array ( [value] => http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/AfDB-CIF-Transitioning_fromINDCs_to_NDC-report-November2016.pdf [format] => [safe_value] => http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/AfDB-CIF-Transitioning_fromINDCs_to_NDC-report-November2016.pdf ) ) ) [field_external_link_text] => Array ( [und] => Array ( [0] => Array ( [value] => External Link [format] => [safe_value] => External Link ) ) ) [rdf_mapping] => Array ( [rdftype] => Array ( [0] => sioc:Item [1] => foaf:Document ) [title] => Array ( [predicates] => Array ( [0] => dc:title ) ) [created] => Array ( [predicates] => Array ( [0] => dc:date [1] => dc:created ) [datatype] => xsd:dateTime [callback] => date_iso8601 ) [changed] => Array ( [predicates] => Array ( [0] => dc:modified ) [datatype] => xsd:dateTime [callback] => date_iso8601 ) [body] => Array ( [predicates] => Array ( [0] => content:encoded ) ) [uid] => Array ( [predicates] => Array ( [0] => sioc:has_creator ) [type] => rel ) [name] => Array ( [predicates] => Array ( [0] => foaf:name ) ) [comment_count] => Array ( [predicates] => Array ( [0] => sioc:num_replies ) [datatype] => xsd:integer ) [last_activity] => Array ( [predicates] => Array ( [0] => sioc:last_activity_date ) [datatype] => xsd:dateTime [callback] => date_iso8601 ) ) [name] => Library Manager 1 [picture] => 0 [data] => a:2:{s:7:"contact";i:0;s:7:"overlay";i:1;} [entity_view_prepared] => 1 ) [#items] => Array ( [0] => Array ( [value] => http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/AfDB-CIF-Transitioning_fromINDCs_to_NDC-report-November2016.pdf [format] => [safe_value] => http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/AfDB-CIF-Transitioning_fromINDCs_to_NDC-report-November2016.pdf ) ) [#formatter] => text_plain [0] => Array ( [#markup] => http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/AfDB-CIF-Transitioning_fromINDCs_to_NDC-report-November2016.pdf ) [#description] => Please enter the full URL, e.g. http://www.example.com [#printed] => 1 )